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Understanding DNS root domains vs Active Directory parent/root domain

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Hello, 

I'm currently learning about the active directory infrastructure and the domain name system. As I'm reading, I understood the root domain of an active directory to be the base level of a web address almost. For example, in www.google.com, the root domain would be google.com, and sub-domains would things like finance.google.com or sports.google.com. That made sense to me when i was trying differentiate between child domains and parent domains, but then when I'm reading about DNS I get confused again. DNS dissects an address such as www.example.com and says that 'www' is the hostname, the full address is the FQDN, and the root domain is the final period or '.'. That seems to contradict what active directory taught me about root domains. 

I'm also confused as to why active directory domains seem to be related to web addresses. Does this imply that every single web address is linked to an active directory? And when I try to get deep into the weeds as far understanding the large scale infrastructure of microsoft.com's or facebook.com's active directory, I get too confused to even know where to start. I would really appreciate some explanation as to the difference between domains, as referenced in DNS and AD, and also clarification as to whether or not a web address and a corresponding active directory domain are related. 

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